They are willing to talk about
nanostructure appalling murders.

I don't know much for
fuels the separation of fuel cells.

And we start with
an outline after they stop.

I would like to begin with the motivation
for this investigation which will provide

some of the technical challenge for
his investigation of a talk about put up

an exchange membranes and I will also talk
about super critical fluids since I use

a protocol fluid as a process in tool to
change the morphology of the membranes or

those of us about some of
the characterization techniques that we

perform to these membranes including
a mechanical There are more going to be

medically I will talk about that as we're
probably and I will end up with some of

the separations that we actually apply the
meanings to at the end I will talk about

the next generation up and change memories
at least from our research project.

Let me begin with the fuel cell of
the militia in the military one needs

to have chemical and biological
protective clothing from chemical and

biological of a harmful agents
while allowing the water Bayport

to board through the membrane this
type of cell it is very similar to

the type of cell activity that one
has in the fuel cell membrane and

dieties also the type of the motivation
that led police type of investigation

they most commonly use proton
exchange membrane the snake.

And they feel it has been around for
a long time and they feel it is primarily

a constructed out of I'm sorry out of
per floor in a groups there are groups

that block the passage of fuel through the
membranes but in the usually has these so

funny groups that the SO FUNNY groups
create their mammal channels and

the transport of protons occur jumping
from so funny group to so funny girl.

May feel on the stand today.

I work with different types
of programming change member.

And such as they once I'm presenting here.

This is that I block or
polymer compose of police dieting.

Dieting.

We saw for made this a volume where
normally of the benzene ring and

we saw when I did these membranes to
a very high iron exchange capacities.

We saw for Nate these membranes all
the way to one hundred percent dieting.

We also work with other types of
membranes while we work with different

molecular weight polystyrene weight
fraction and different configurations but

we also work with at the different
polymers such as this one which is which

is composed of police dieting polyethylene
believe you clean police study and

this polling Mary's also so
far made it to high change capacity and

we normally soften it this
membranes we have narrowed

mailed the technique to one
hundred percent so for nations.

The interesting thing about these
membranes is that they are composed of

three mm two major blocks they styrene
is the glassy component that provides

the the structure and the a.

In the glass a component of the poly
met there is the last American

a segment that provides a barrier
properties as well as the flexibility and

the software nation of cursing
the polystyrene providing the that and

support of water ions
through they to relay memory.

An important feature of these membranes
is that one can control morphology

by changing this by increasing
the sofa nation level of the membranes

we can go from must vary of
configuration such as these where for

example one can has one
can have seventy percent.

I saw beauty lean and thirty percent
polystyrene Ines Ferre econ morphology but

with the increase of so
formation the police dieting.

Only domains of the soul for any groups
can combine to create seem their

type of structures and for very high.

So for
national levels we can obtain law male or

morphology so we can control
morphologies them more fall least one

of the tools we use to control they
the selective use of these membranes.

Another important feature of these
membranes is that one needs to

have a pretty self a nation level so that
is called the break that I should hold and

that is when we have sufficient self or
any groups connected interconnected.

So that the date transport of
protons from our young from so

funny group from so funny to so funny
group occurs in some of these members in

such a seep sense a percolation threshold
These are presumably thirty one percent.

They feel is still the most
commonly used membrane and

the reason why it's the most commonly used
membrane is because it has a very high

protein conductivity it still has one
of the highest A proton can conduct

lead on Fortunately it also has a very
large methanol permeability and

we tried to work with that and there
are many researchers that that are working

trying to prove and they feel there is
some other membrane such as sunsets

that have a lower proton conductivity but
also have they have a lower methanol

permeability some additional researchers
are working with other pay morays proton

change members that they all tend to go
in the same direction when you reduce

the proton conduct the when you reduce
methanol permeability you also reduce

the proton conductivity they go for this
investigation is to have a membrane that's

that has a very high protein conductivity
along with an our premium we need

the challenge that we have these that they
make any sense the transport mechanism for

methanol and the transport mechanism for
the problems is extremely similar.

So we have to be very careful with the
functionally sation and the morphology.

To see if we can achieve the goal.

We have set for our investigation.

So the first thing we decided to do was
to try before morphological approach as

we started with me feeling.

And we decided to use a protocol
fluids as a process in tool for

changing the morphology of the membranes

we started with Mayfield because
as I pointed out before.

Nathan is that very fluorinated per floor
eat there is so funny that membrane.

And they believe the per unit
volume of carbon dioxide

is very similar to the polar ice ability
per unit volume of air fluorinated groups.

Therefore we decided to look
at super critical fluids.

We decided to look at super critical
carbon dioxide and of course we wanted to

use to take advantage of some of
the transport properties tasks like mass

transport property self-supporting because
fluids so partly because carbon dioxide

and believe we'd like to see if we could
change the morphology of Mayfield for

example but we did not limit
ourselves to carbon dioxide.

We looked at WHOLE BUNCH OF course of
events because we wanted to change

the polarity and see if we could change
the morphology so we looked at solvents or

Corso of INSEAD have different
sizes different polarities

different gamey cult structures different
chemical functionalities difference

will be needed but I meant there is a
dipole moment dielectric constants and so

on and so forth.

The interesting thing is twice when we
started looking at Mayfield on here.

I'm presenting methanol permeability for
supercritical fluid process and they feel

in a normally they own process and they
feel close to them to the minus six simply

mirror square percent on processing with
supercritical carbon dioxide even do more.

But some of the incorporation of some
of the additional call solvents would

change their methanol permeability
a couple orders of magnitude.

So we were very excited about that and

we tried to understand why some of these
core solvents had that there might be.

Act on on the more full you are on
the super critical fluid and they feel.

We look at some small angle X.
rays scattering data and

here presenting some small angle X.
ray this gap in data and

you can see that especially the on process
they feed on which is the blue line.

There seem to be some significant
differences in this region we

get to the per floor and made it
groups and they are also significant

differences in this region which
are associated to the soul finding groups.

Therefore it seemed like so
broke it got fluid processing

is changing the morphology and we're
still trying to understand the the for

morphological change a seem a feeling but
at least we can see that there were

some significant differences in
supercritical fluey process may feel

an interesting feature that
we saw was with sun cycle X.

not on a significantly different
especially regarding this so

funny groups when we knew that
I an exchange capacity for

all these membranes this is at that at
their Miami property an equilibrium

property at that property
they all day in the same.

Ion exchange capacity in terms of a veil
of also finding groups of course but

they brought down conduct of some of these
membranes changed for example may fewer

on on processes close to zero point nine a
little bit less than zero point zero nine

a supercritical fluid carbon
dioxide into the lead a bit but

so more they also advanced that
reduce the Met panel for me I believe

the they also reduce the proton conduct
they would probably up to thirty percent.

Interestingly enough a solvent known
which seems to be provoking so many

interesting morphological changes in the
membrane seem to have a very significant.

Or at least it can manage pain the pros
and cons of the of course I'm missing

the error bars but pretty much come
Monday no problem with that but this is

actually a of the we we did some advances
in support of the fluid processing with

Mayfield we decided to look at all their
membranes with decided to look at some of

the membranes that we have been looked
at in the past we looked at and say ups.

This is I'm eighty seven percent so
formation.

But also as with supercritical
carbon dioxide and

this is a ninety three percent sulphur
nation process with supercritical kind of

on the hopes that the changes were not
that there might be what we expected that

because see a bit ethylene view killing

is not a C O two feel like just a per
floor unaided groups and the absolutely.

What I saw was a mass seal to
flick us that perfectly made it.

So therefore we expected these results.

However we decided to look more
carefully into these type of membranes

that's what we'd be if they
are an exchange capacity and

the proton conducting this of these
membranes was one thing and that's all I

want to say about that but we decided to
look at these membranes in more detail and

here I'm looking we looked at different
types of members here I'm presenting

members with different percent of dieting
fifteen percent polystyrene thirty percent

Police Diving different molecular way
sixty five thousand one hundred thousand

here and presenting their hope
their market our we met resource.

There more government pick analysis and
presenting mass.

Versus same pressure and
the green report sent the big of that.

Mass very source then pressure their blue
line is that even if this means that

the bigger they should of these polymer
of course are around four hundred thirty

degrees and it's pretty much the same for

different molecular weight or
different polystyrene weight fraction.

But this is the on cell phone
at that podium or this so

funny it poorly met at the beginning
of course he has this all funny groups.

Can retain a lot of water or
a lot of receive while solvent.

So are they beginning.

You have receive all solvent.

You know the front of that you
have a peek around two hundred and

ninety degrees three hundred degrees that
corresponds to the SO funny girl they get

of Asians they backbone Pauli mare
that are cursed probably fifteen or

twenty degrees because he has another
stab at the there must be and

that pattern seems to be consistent for

different types of membranes what
we did something else we started

doing cross-linking of the membranes with
the cat ion substitution to the membrane.

And when read that this is a very but the
flow of the mass versus temperature and

here you can see that the acid
form of the game where has the SO

FUNNY group they get away from here and

the back bone they could have a shiny
there they are proud I am substituted

samples they still funny groups do not
be great at the lower temperature but

they degrade with the current
at a much higher temperature.

We decided to look more carefully
into these good at samples and

we found out that for
example when we looked at if the I.R.

of the soul for an eight bit poorly
made vs the also funny at that podium or

we looked at the stretching seem a peak.

And asked as he met expression something
interesting happened with A good

at samples for the assay metric stationing
which ease that there seemed to be

a shift in the US semantics
threshing around eleven.

I think it was eleven fifty
six which was unique for

each of the carry on study was using for
body and for cows and

for magnesium and of course we
tried many different cattle Yes.

These actually lead us to believe
that there was a made on complex.

Where demand was actually being
cross link between groups and

he was influencing this select
the swellest of transport of the limbering

interestingly enough when we look at
sounds they had a small angle not

on the cutting beta these actually
the sectors shown here was am actually

properly analyze these corresponds to did
the stance interstitial distance between

they demanded channel and be there is
the Shelby stance was not affected

by the type or decisive of the cattle or
we've had many different types of

cat I guess they were not changing this
science or did morphology of the membrane.

But as I would point out later on they
changed the selectivity significant and

there seem to be some energy
a changes in their memory.

I also want to point out we also look at
Dynamic mechanical analysis and measure of

mechanical properties and this is the last
and see them pressure of the poorly mare.

But these it's the last transmission
temperature there seem to be

unique and I like to say Asians are both
big last onesies from temperature for

each of the cat I am substituted sample.

They seem to be unique and and

they will have unique features in the
select P.V.P. of each of their members.

Interestingly enough we got carried
away with that I did all sorts of cat

I understand you can clearly see that
each of the cat I own has unique and

unique behavior.

We are trying to understand
the differences between the last three

cat I also.

And the coordination which is one of the
challenge that we're trying to understand.

Presently What is the coordination of the
self the cat I am seeing the memory but

I also want to point out that when we
support you become fluid processing.

We also saw and
you can see in Fisher in that the relaxed.

These glass that station temperature.

So there seem to be that supportive
Gulf processing although it's not

influence each significantly
influence morphology or

transport properties is changing some of
the mechanical properties of a membrane.

But the most interesting thing comes with
their separation some they selectively

these but first I'm going to talk about
water swelling most of these membranes and

these are I'm going to talk about
different types of membranes these for

example is seeps but
with the hundred thousand molecular weight

polystyrene weight
fractional thirty percent.

And so formation of eighty
four point four percent.

You still formation we are pain through
elemental analysis by the way but

this membranes can absorb a lot
of water up to the hundred and

fifty percent especially especially when
they're highly sought for needed and

when they have a fairly large amount of
dieting which is where we saw funny but

in the presence of the Frank cat audience
we can significantly decrease the amount

of water swelling indicating that those
partially blocking the passage shelf

water through the membrane of course the
Senate where you can property as well but

we have a few of these the pattern
was pretty much the same.

This is a different more like we are
weight with that smaller poorly starting

weight fraction difference often in
a similar cell financial level of course

absorbs a smaller amount of water because
he has a less poorly stating of a level

four software nature but the pattern of
water swelling appears to remain the same.

We got carried away once again.

We would be for importing whereas
with a different cat I answered but

what I wanted to say is that if interacts
uniquely with a membrane creating.

Allowing a unique set of
water going to the membrane.

This is actually very interesting and
we use these in for.

They show the least sign membranes for
different applications.

However there was one more applications
that I wanted to talk about and

the application has to do with chemical
biological protective clothing.

Since we cannot work with these guy
with the agency we decided to work with

senior land something that is fairly
fairly seemly there will be sky.

So we were looking at the vapor
face permeability of the M.M.

B. and
comparing the vapor face permeability

of these guy versions of vapor
face permeability off water.

Interestingly enough we saw they bathe her
face permeability of water over debate but

faced B M M P or dispelling the to
be as high as twenty five for

D.C. sleeps with sixty five thousand
molecular weight twenty two per frame

percent Police typing and

eighty four percent cell phone Asia Berry
almost unique A in their cell activity.

We're still trying to understand why but
it seems to be very selective for four or

four document be for water over D.M.
be the she said different

type of poorly measure sixty five thousand
molecular weight a higher percentage

police starting at lower percent
they saw formation is up to thirty.

But again body only so unique a.

These studies were carried out at
thirty five V.D.C. just in case and

this is very poor face permeability and

the last one I want to show
is that different diet of.

We saw but these are the from.

The ferry molecular weight different
percentage points dieting and

different percent they sell for NATION.

Not all of them some
of them are unique for

some of the separations that they have
been that they will be the sign for.

And I have one more which actually went
all the way to thirty five these actually

was the best because these had
the highest percentage of police dieting.

Of course we have won
with ninety nine percent.

So for a nation that I don't think they
completed this fully but had the highest

selling D.V.D. and I think it went all the
way to fifty which was very exciting for

us but basically the next generation
of change at the next generation of

protonic change membranes will be super
good because that bird flu made it

membranes that recently got a grant from
the barman of the fence to look into

the made up or floating native membranes
we baseball the mare metal nano composite.

We have populations in
fuel cells chemical and

biological protective clothing we're
pressing the working with a Professor Cole

in that developmental
gas sensor up Legation.

But we have also additional separations
that we have been looking at.

So it just water purification and

all they're telling the separation
such as the acetone water separation.

And in

short if I just talked about but
I'm going to change membranes for

different applications
talked about seen this.

Inside the US more about seeing this is
the synthesis of these membranes a course

that a lot of technical challenge is
a part of a piece of science part of weeds

and I think one has to be very careful
with details like everything else but.

We have been able to seen many
different types of membranes

all their way to high and exchange
capacity of these all the way to ninety

nine one hundred percent software
nation we have been doing a lot of

characterization of these membranes
to understand their morphology and

their impact on transport
properties on on separations.

There's other members potential for
supercritical fluid processing especially

for things that are C O two feely which
is a perfectly made it in membranes but

some of the scene these membranes
every require a lot of it and it's.

Extensive amount of work using
cell phone aiding group and

what you see Nexus and then you
have a receiver Well cell phone and

assay it assayed in the membrane
that has to be stripped away and

nor money the process of clean they
receive well solve and some they receive

while excess the agent is very devious and
he creates a lot of waste.

So it would get to go through a process
seen allows for stripping some of these to

receive was solvent and
some of that excess A Gejdenson in a much

faster much cleaner way and
we are also pursuing that with

some of our members and of course it is an
additional tool to influence morphology.

That their members potential for poly may
or may not know composites specially fine

tuned for selective separations there
is I think Lisa Ling P.V.P. there's

we're still working on on the coordination
of they may tell where exactly.

They're acting with but this can be
easily extended to other telling you

separations So basically this concludes my
present day I would like to acknowledge.

By financial assistance from
the by mental defense as well as

the National Science Foundation would
like to acknowledge my Gallus Toulon's

as well as my own they could have with
two As I have a very nice group of gab

with them on the ground with full and I
would like to acknowledge colleagues from

the Department of the fans there are many
research labs which I interact with that

I will also like to acknowledge that
he looked also from the University of

Washington which has helped
me out with sacks and

science experiments the sands
experiments were conducted in the east.

So basically I would like tool.

Show you my research group.

These are my students from
the University of Puerto Rico.

And I am very thankful to them and

also very grateful to my family for
allowing me to.

Through me long hours and
I'm also very happy that we hear.

A specialist is my wife is
also I don't get their way.

And they're all very but your family.

Anyway when I finish with thanking you for
your time and

I would like to entertain any
questions that you may have it to a.

Like me or
a good looking at the console and

you might notice the difference
between them all of us will.

I'm wondering if secondary all
are doing something different for

every one of the things I want to
do with you ever thought of crime.

You know.

As a course so I think we've got
we've had enough at one time.

But we started looking
at things like that but

basically we were at that particular time
we were trying to explain them at panel

by me of a lead to some we could not
come up with any type of explanation.

Err that there was a time that out and on
the gathering looking at but I marry and

secondary a means but
if we did not look at that basically.

OK.

So what.

What what are these very bored and
especially when most of these brought them

change membranes because water is
possible for dip but I was bored of

jumping off brought them from oneself on
a group to another you may feel for exams.

If the membrane is died a they call
it a P.V.P. It's very very little.

It has to have enough water so

that they channel sorry inter-connected
if we use water enough different context

we use water to understand Afeni Theodore
Daveed not really be off solve for

any good UPS and that's why at times
we were looking at the waters to see

how accessible while us water
to go to go still funny groups.

Yes or no question.

Yes OK.

OK but.

With these membranes stance or not we are
trying to find out if we can but I'll do.

Sadly for make a nice I'm.

And that's why the come play
a major role here if we can if

even make any semi significant Levy frames
the friend perhaps we can find one.

Some of the but I might there's allow for

want the water was looking the other but
that that's part of the whole.

Yeah.

Not.

If we didn't look at
died in that the pale but

we expect it to have a very low profile
conduct anything because of that because

watery eyes still in looking
at what is the minimum

amount of water that the suit wired for
brought them contact the need for that by.

Collision potential in terms of water and.

Our feeling is that it was
way below that minimal.

It wasn't leading zero percent.

It may get off because up
a large huge scale but

it was something like seven percent or
ten percent.

It was something small and I don't think
it was at the level of percolation but

we did not believe in not do the study and
others.

You know I was

right there very similar.

That's what they used in there in the Army
research lab that said that that's

the scene you meant the be used
a basically because ball up the vs P.C.

couple produced by a few of the physical
properties are very similar but

that is the big down there
that they are using today.

They aren't research labs.

Like.

Yes.

I was very excited about the S..

Well actually

that had to do with me.

Theone at that time he had
to do with may feed on these

was made on these these
were making membranes.

Air that were process with
super going to go through it.

Carbon dioxide.

Donation.

Yeah.

Yeah.

You know.

My hypothesis was we did more for
the goal changes that perhaps this.

But if you are it's still too feely for
Florrie mate groups block.

They met then all more done.

BLOCK In day they brought them
to however my hypotheses.

They've been going very far.

I want to be go far.

But at the same time but I'm going to keep
the also was reduced by thirty percent.

Well.

They still feel better
compared to the other.

Yeah I want to go.

Sure sure sure.

I was our security site and
I will add that unfortunately a out.

I did months thing they put them on
the T.V. but thirty percent these

better than the a difference that
we got in the Melbourne never did.

That's why I now want to look
into more where floaty made it so

funny that when brains and
been started looking into those.

Yes.

Or.

Or.

Still funny or.

All.

Right.

We still haven't completed

the morphological complete morphology
cust all of the of the membrane.

But there seem to be significant
changes in the pair fluorinated

groups as well as the SO FUNNY.

Groups to up only that they way we
think of Mayfield not a Channel Seven

thinking of them may not be Friend
way of morphological arrangements but

some of the perfectly made it groups
perhaps have been assessed the sacks.

So yes that have been rearranged to.

Point that they can look more off
the birth of their methanol while some of

they brought them can actually go through
which was originally intentional with this

would get to go through a process scene
to see if we could blow up one of them or

done deal there and then that's that's
what I think it's happening looking.

Now or not.

This.

Thank you very good question.

These membranes when they are how you so
funny.

Did they act very much like a hyper ideal
A Of course they're not very good at those

conditions for some of the separations
that we are envisioning them but

in the presence of them some of the data.

That's where we're going to use them

with a small amount of Caius where we can
control their monolith water swelling

we can actually as long as we have
enough brought down completely.

For example for

a fuel cell we can have a membrane that
he's very at that active participation.

Fortunately we can also control the
percent the sulphur nation which actually

corresponds to the amount of water
swelling we can reduce that was that

percent the sofa nation and we have been
able to we we beat all the committee for

their reaction so we understand how to
lower depressant this sulfur nation if

that's what we need in order to
obtain a sufficient not model for

water in the membrane for
disappear ation of these time where priest

when they roll the ball from the metal and
then a composite.

To see.

The amount of water swelling
we can be selected for

some of the separation especially as
we move into some of the gas sensors.

And we look at things like how
they're doing the same answers

are using the meter all other gases for
example you know.

OK Thank you.

I will play first week or so and

union and I.