[00:00:05]
>> My great measures mentioned years already and I. Got her undergraduate degree in university. And then she went on to do a Ph d. in u.c. Davis right I knew your machinist's and just random acts who are involved really you know I was people who are memory and she went to Princeton to have always ask Mr Brown and from what I've seen she's been repressed or.

[00:00:39]
Where she's been doing really well she. Gyllenhaal did not write this post mission. And also got aids and that her here or rich. Really competitive. In the credit markets are Mary and we're ensuring working memory. Especially and especially she. Function in this. You know most interesting working with you know my.

[00:01:21]
In my judgment the. One really interesting thing about met your needs. Beyond her you know as a man. In sheer terror of using whole thing about. Things that are outside her house she's a big proponent of normalizing. You know making it easier for people to follow through. When she was.

[00:02:00]
She being on your profile and. Growth rate and you can reach either the right for the right price. She's probably. Not many. Regrets during that year and. She doesn't. Take it out on your result of an open sore or a break. Let me just. Thank you so much for such an organization and one working to say I really don't want to read or.

[00:02:40]
If you have a question. That you have questions that I judge that the immediate. Mary and myself and I are. I don't know if it's inside or bigger picture of things that are raising. Those questions. And. So thank you so much for having me here today and thank you to read for the for the very kind introduction and I'm really looking forward to telling you about some of my lab work exploring interactions between attention and memory in that example.

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But I want to start off by having you all imagine that you're faced with a really big problem for example how to try to understand the brain so it can be really useful if you tried to simplify the problem by breaking it up into a set of smaller problems and then having each of those in isolation and that's traditionally how cognitive neuroscience research has progressed for example you might be really interested in visual perception so you might choose to study occipital cortex or back to temple for talks or maybe you really care about long term memory so maybe you study to hit the campus or the Middle Temple of course.

[00:03:54]
Or alternatively you might want to focus on attention and so you turn to the prefrontal cortex. And this approach has been incredibly useful in generating a lot of very important insights about the mind and brain. But in my lab we're trying to challenge these boundaries the for example is there really the case that there is an abrupt transition in the brain between perception and memory or can perception critically depend on so-called memory systems like this and the campus does the reach of attention also extended to these a so-called memory systems and the approach that I want to argue for and my lab start off waspy is that we can better understand the mind and brain if we focus on how the representations of any given brain area and allow that region to very flexibly contribute to many different aspects of cognition then my talk today I hope to be able to convince you that the hippocampus rather than being a dedicated memory system is one such brain area whose representation and particularly it's flexible the relational representations allow it to critically contribute to attention and perception as well as memory so this talk is about attention perception and memory so before I dive into I want to give a quick overview of how these different aspects of cognition and rocked with one another and Holly operate so I want you to imagine that you are and this art museum and you find that you're surrounded by paintings but there's also other things so there's decorations on the wall and there's different pieces of pressure so how are you able to process such a complex environment Well if you're interested in paintings you might choose to direct your attention to a specific painting on a wall and once you do that it'll change the way that you perceive it by enhancing representation of its features in your visual cortex and attention will also affect your memory or more likely to remember things that we pay attention to than things that we don't.

[00:06:04]
So attention perception and memory all interact but what I want to challenge is the idea that they depend on Step right dedicated systems in the brain and operate with different functional principles and instead I want to argue with that common functional principles and common and you know representation can help us understand that many different aspects of cognition and I'll do that by using the have a calf theirs as an example and show how it's flexible relational representations can be used in the service of attention perception and memory so to that end I'll go over a 3 lines of research and the 1st part of my talk all I ask how does attention create memory in the 2nd part of my talk on ask if the hippocampus can play and that's a sorry roll and intentional behavior and if so how and then finally I'll ask how our long term memories can guide our attention though 1st how does attention create memory Well we know that attention is critical from memory I behavioral level so the way that you go back to your attention will influence what you remember later on but how does that happen that mechanistically And how does that happen in the brain Well there are at least 2 potential routes by which attention might influence memory so 1st we know that attention has really strong and acts on the visual system so if this is the flow of information from occipital cortex eventually powerful cortex then one possibility is that attention will simply strengthen these are presentations making them more likely to be transmitted to the hippocampus and then encoded into memory but an alternative possibility is attention that might directly modularly the hippocampus itself done a couple of different studies we 1st asked how does attention modulating have a campus and if it does what are the implications of that for what we encode it into our long term memory.

[00:08:05]
So how does a tension modulating have a campus Well surprisingly we know relatively little about that because most studies of attention will tend to focus on sensory cortex and if there are the classic finding is that tension will serve to increase the overall level of activity and brain areas that code for attended features or intended locations so higher levels of activity brought 100 versus unintended information there's some studies have taken that logic which we know is really successful and sensory systems and they've applied it to the head the campus but surprisingly and they found that attention doesn't seem to match really the overall level of activity in the heavy campus during all and processing however based on some work in animal models we hypothesized that tension might do something distinct in the head the campus and that's stabilized patterns of activity the idea as to if this is a pattern of activity in your head to campus when you're And I particularly tensional state this pattern might be more likely to occur across various instances of that same intentional state Imperator if you were to switch to a different intentional state in which case the pattern of activity might be relatively distinct So we wanted to look for state dependent patterns of activity in the head the campus so to look for these state dependent patterns we designed a task that we've been calling the Art Gallery time ask and the idea here was to try to manipulate attention to relatively high level abstract and motivational features which we know from memory research are really important aspect of have a camp of representation when I say relational features what I mean our representation is of multi-dimensional components of any given experience so in these studies that will be representation as a visual spatial associations.

[00:10:09]
So this is a task light on every trial we have participants you in a base and manage which was a room it was rendered in 3 d. and it had multiple different pieces of furniture different angles on the walls and also a single painting and then we told people before each trial whether they should attend to the art or to the room so on the trials Their job was to attend to their to stick style of the painting to things like the use of color and the type of pressure.

[00:10:43]
And on room trials they had to attend to the spatial configuration of the room so the arrangement of the furniture and the angles of the walls after at the space image participants' if you would a search that of 4 other images on the trials they had to search through the search that to see if they could find a painting that could have been painted by the same person who painted the painting in the basement and the matching painting would be similar in terms of its artistic style but not necessarily its content on room trials participants have to search through the search site to see if they could find a room that had the same spatial layout as the base image but viewed from a slightly different perspective and uncritically everything else about the base and meant and it's not true Graham was different so we changed the wall colors chairs were swapped with different chairs tables with different tables and so on but the airplane judgement of those elements was the same.

[00:11:47]
And then finally at the end of the trial to dispense had to respond yes or no a stew whether they found a match. So there are 2 important aspects of this design that I want to bring our attention to the 1st is that we used the same exact stimuli in both attentional States and this allows us to isolate effects and to have a campus that are related to the participants coffee down at tensional state rather than differences and bottom up stimulation and a 2nd low level visual information that was not especially useful and either task and we thought that would make these tasks more likely to recruit the abstract relational about presentations of the campus the specifically the art task might draw on a leash and that presentations because participants had to attend to multi dimensional components of the painting so things like the use of color and the type of pressure and then relate those features to other paintings and the room task might require lation representations because participants had to attend a few multi-dimensional features of the rooms so the arrangement of the furniture and the angles of the walls and relate those peaches to other rooms but to give you a better sense of the top ask here are sample room matches so these troops have the same spatial layout from a slightly different perspective you can see that they both have a painting with a desk to the left and a couch to the right in this case here you're rotated a little bit to the left so now you can see a bookcase but you can no longer see that window and here our sample are not just so these 2 paintings are painted by the same artist you can see similarities in terms of the choice and use of color and the overall impression of style the to look for a state dependent activity patterns we have people do these tasks flow up while they're being scanned with high resolution f.m.r.i. And we also acquired high resolution structural and then just on which we manually segmented different subfields of the hippocampus as well as medial temporal lobe areas that feed into the have a campus.

[00:13:55]
The needles temple of course attacks we had regions of interest for and horizonal cortex Perry Reinhardt tax and pear and the Campbell cortex and in the have a campus we had visions of interest 1st the big deal in Ca one and then a combined it region of interest for c h 3 and dentate gyrus and all of all of these regions we were most interested in this age is we don't teach Iris because prior studies have linked activity in this region to memory coding so to look for state dependent activity patterns for each of these regions of interest we extracted the pattern of activity for every trial and the experiment so for every Our trial and for every room a trial we extracted the pattern of activity and then we correlated these activity patterns as a function of the participants attentional state to be correlated our trials with other up trials and room trials with other room trials and together that gave us a measure of how similar activity patterns are I want to tension all states are the same and the comparison is if we correlate our trials with really trials and that gives us a measure of how similar activity patterns are when intentional states are different so if our vision of the brain contains attentional state dependent activity patterns then you would expect higher pattern similarity higher correlations for Chiles at the same state compared to trials at different speeds and that is exactly what we found in the head they can't just so each have a Campbell region of interest showed it these state dependent activity mountains with higher pattern similarity for trials of the same state compared to trials of different states so attention that does module a to hit the campus that creates the state dependent activity Hearns and this might have been missed entire studies because they only looked at the overall level of activity.

[00:15:53]
So we next directly compared the 2 attentional States and we found that in the have a campus pattern similarity was much higher for the room state compared to the art state so room to room correlations were higher than arched are correlations and this raised the possibility that the heavy campus might have a special role in spatial relational attention that we found these results in her brain but if attention modulates the hippocampus then this module ation should also be linked to at tensional behavior and in fact we found an see a $23.00 dentate gyrus that individual differences and how stable have the pattern of activity was in the room task but it did behavior on a few tasks and this correlation here it was selective in a number of different ways suppressed this was the only region of the brain where attentional modulation predicted behavior it was also selective to the task so patterns to malaria on the room task predicted behavior on the room task but didn't predict behavior on the our task and it was also selective to the measure of patterns in the Larry because the overall level of activity didn't predict behavior but attention modulators the hippocampus and in a way that is meaningful for online attention I'll be there to from that 1st body was found at the signature of attention and the campus which was the creation of state dependent patterns of activity we then conceptually replicated this effect with a very different paradigm in which we examined at Hunch and to size relations of spatial relations and temporal lation.

[00:17:39]
And then in a follow up study we examine the consequences of these attentional States for subsequent memory. And here we found that the quality of have a camp lead tensional States during encoding predicted in memory for goal relevant information though on trials in which they had the campus was in a good part attentional state during encoding participants were subsequently more likely to remember the unique visual features of the paintings that they were looking at and on trials in which they have a campus was in a good room attentional state during coding participants were subsequently more likely to remember unique details of the rooms that they were looking up the so far we have some insight into how attention can create memory attention can it change the state of the hippocampus and heavy campus can untie our ties goal of enter task relevant aspects of the environment for encoding into Zadoc memory but of course the work that I shared with you so far has come from that from right and we know the f. m.r.i. can only provide correlational evidence if I want to make the argument that the hippocampus plays an essential role and some aspects of intentional behavior that I have to examine what happens to attention when they hit the campus it's damage and my former research assistant Nick release did exactly that though if the critical aspect of hippie camp a function is it's relational representations then he'd be cancelled then a measure should impair relational forum's of attention.

[00:19:16]
So to test the hypothesis that if the canvas might be critical for relational intentionally used a modified version of the art gallery task I've been telling you about. Simplified it so there were only 2 images on each trial and that was to make the task more feasible for patients with hippocampal damage.

[00:19:36]
So we have 4 types of trials the 1st 2 are the trials that you are already familiar with and the purpose of these trials was to try to engage the relational representations of the hippocampus and I'll refer to these similar trials on each trial participants viewed 2 images which were these rooms rendered in 3 d. with multiple pieces of furniture different law angles and a single painting each on similar arch trials participants hard to judge if the 2 paintings could have been painted by the same artist like these 2 paintings here and on similar room trials if they judge if the 2 rooms had the same spatial layout from a slightly different perspective like these 2 rooms here and we know from our past f.m.r.i. studies that the hippocampus can discriminate between these 2 intentional states and of its activity predicts behavior the other child types were controlled trials which we did not expect to require to have a campus because they place fewer demands on relational processing and I'll refer to these as identical trials than individuals viewed at 2 images on each trial but this time they simply have to detect repetitions of identical paintings like here are repetitions of identical rooms like here and the idea is that this can be accomplished really easily on the basis of representation is a visual cortex without any need for have a capital ational processing though we had a similar trials and identical trials and within each of these we had a room and hunch and our attention so what did we predict well one hypothesis is that the hippocampus is critical for any task that requires relational represent patients and that would be consistent with many different models of have accountable function.

[00:21:34]
So if that's the case then you might expect hippocampal damage to impair performance on similar room trials and of similar are trials while leaving performance on the identical trials uneffected but an alternative hypothesis is that heavy Campbell damage might only impair performance honest Imola room trials because in our past from our studies we've always found it at the hippocampus is much more strongly modulating by the similar rim task and predicts behavior best for the similar run task but that would also be consistent with models that have become a function of the emphasize its importance for spatial processing or special cognition and it would also be consistent with studies that have found to have example damage can impair the perception of complex genes but not complex objects though to test these hypotheses and then tested 7 patients with meals sample of damage and 14 healthy Asian education mash participants the Here I'll show you the data for the healthy participants as the filaments are wholesome data for the patients of the open shapes one patient had a bilateral had the Campbell the Amish following the hypoxic event he'll be the open diamond and the remaining patients have unilateral temporal about Timmy's for the treatment of intractable epilepsy they have damaged they have a campus and it medial temple of cortex on one side of the brain the ones with the right hemisphere damage or the open trying wills and the ones with the left hemisphere damage are the open circles and I'll show you behavior in terms of a Prime which is a non-parametric version of the prime So it's a measure of behavioral sensitivity where one indicates perfect performance and point 5 indicates chance of performance so we found no difference between at the healthy part has a pence and the patients on identical our trials and there is also no group differences on the identical room trials.

[00:23:34]
Intriguingly if the patients were not all impaired on the similar trials but they were significantly impaired on the similar room trials and in fact their performance wasn't different from chance and because all of these patients have had the temple damage and the damage outside of the heavy campus varied across patients we can infer that they hit the canvas or medial temporal lobe more broadly does play an essential role in online at spatial relational attention or perception so far we have some preliminary evidence that the hippocampus might play in the society role and some components of attentional behavior and particularly spatial relational discriminations this 2nd part of my talk had a 2 part question so we've hopefully answered the 1st part but the 2nd part now is how so how does the head the campus come to play a role in attention or perception so now I like to tell you about some pharmacological studies in my ride in which we're trying to determine if the neural modulatory mechanisms of attention in the head the campus and this is worked on by Nick release and Monica too so we were interested in this question because I need given moment there can be competition in the hippocampus between internal and external sources of information and specifically there can be competition between input to the hippocampus about the external world and memory retrieval mechanisms that might bias to the campus toward internal information processing the For example imagine that you are an art museum and you choose to direct your attention to a specific painting on the wall but once you do that the visual features of that painting it might trigger memory retrieval of some associated information.

[00:25:30]
But if you want to suppress memory retrieval in order to better focus your attention on the visual details of the painting you need to somehow bias hippocampal processing toward the external environment and it turns out that acetylcholine can do exactly that though to better understand how call an object modulation might enhance had the camp lead mediated attention and perception we 1st have to consider the head the campus and a little bit more detail so from entering of our tax to the head the campus is important for conveying information about the outside world and encoding new memories while her current connections and have a campus up you'll see a 3 are important for retrieving memories acetylcholine and hand says after and put from time to round up or tracks to the hippocampus and suppresses excited Tory or current connections in c. 3 so they should have the effect of biasing hip example representations toward the external environment which has to occur for externally oriented attention and perception thus he took home the image should it stabilized at the Campbell representations of the external world and not wait improve attention and perception on relational attention tasks like the ones that we use previously to our specific hypothesis was that if cold and modulation enhanced is externally oriented states and I have a campus then call it a modulation should improve performance on attention and perception tasks that require to have the campus and specifically call an urgent modulation should improve performance on the similar room trials because those were the ones that we've shown in our patient studies to require the hippocampus.

[00:27:22]
I'm noting here that we initially hypothesize that performance on the other trials hives would be unaffected by colon object modulation but that certainly doesn't have to be that he's an album Turn to die a little bit so to test this hypothesis we had people do the same exact task that we use with a have a camp a lesion patients but this time we had a pharmacological manipulation so we had people do this task while they were on a call energic agonist and again while they were off the whole energy got going to asd to see how cholinergic modulation affected their behavior the what we did is we found people who voluntarily ingest Colin and that's all the time and not cigarette smokers because they give themselves nicotine that we didn't have to jump through any hoops with the i.r.b. so it worked out really great but we did it as we had nicotine in cigarettes milkers come into our lab for 2 sessions both were 1st thing in the morning one such and was there on a session for which they smoked right before coming into our lab and then they did our task with a similar and identical hour and them trials for their other session with the order counter balance of course they abstained from cigarette smoking for at least 12 hours before doing our task.

[00:28:44]
We asked them how many cigarettes they smoked to no compliance people reported smoking $1.00 to $3.00 cigarettes for their on a session and not smoking at all for the past 12 hours for the opposition but of course we didn't just take that word for it we also had them breathe into these carbon monoxide monitors the carbon monoxide ppm or parts per 1000000 provides a measure of how recently or how much someone has smoked and it's a standard measure and studies of cigarette smoking and importantly for us carbon monoxide levels are fairly highly correlated with nicotine levels and the blood so we made sure the carbon monoxide ppm was higher for the on vs off session and again our prediction was that if call an object modulation enhances have a campaign we needed attention and perception than that nicotine cigarette smokers should perform better on the similar run task when they're on versus off nicotine So here I'll show you performance with the often on nicotine sessions with performance again being measured as a prime we found it known difference between the often on smoking sessions for the identical are trials there's also no difference between sessions for the identical room trials and also no difference between sessions for the similar our trials but then and contrary to our hypothesis There was also no difference between the on and off smoking sessions for the similar room trials so we found Nahla facts here across the board but that said the on vs off comparison is a little bit course and we do have more precise information about people than whether or not they smoked because we have their carbon monoxide ppm levels and those Tell us how much or how recently they smoked if cold arctic modulation enhances attention than individual differences encryption monoxide levels should be related to performance enhancement.

[00:30:47]
So just that we calculated 2 measures for each individual 1st which of their carbon monoxide ppm difference between their on and off nothing sessions and that means that even if someone cheated and smoked prior to their off session that difference score would still tell us how much more they smoked for the on vs off section and we also calculated there a prime difference between the on and off knocking sessions some more positive values here would indicate a greater performance enhancement on the team.

[00:31:19]
If called energetic modulation enhances had the camp will attention and perception then the individuals with the highest carbon monoxide ppm difference should show the greatest performance enhancement specifically on the similar room trials and that's exactly what we found carbon monoxide p.p.m. differences didn't predict performance enhancement on any other trials like this result was consistent with coal and modulation had been cancelled we mediated attention and perception the church turned to the side I hypothesis was partly correct but partly wrong we didn't observe general performance enhancement on versus off nicotine on the similar in trials but we did observe a monotonic improvement on this trial type as a function of more nicotine is now and not still consistent with call an object modulation of the temple attention we did not observe call an object modulation of performance on any other trial type but that certainly didn't have to be the case we know that nicotine acts throughout the entire brain and it can enhance processing in visual cortex though the knowledge facts that we saw on these other trials has to be investigated further.

[00:32:34]
The to briefly summarize the 2nd part of my talk we 1st found that the hippocampus can play enough to say role in some aspects of attentional behaviors and particularly spatial relational discrimination and the 2nd least on the colon are just modulation 1000000 hands the swarm of attention or perception my talk so far has considered attention in a pretty limited way so attention and situations in which we just told people with some kind of explicit instruction how they should be paying attention but that's not typically how attention operates in the real world in the real world it's really rare to receive moment by moment instructions on how you should be paying attention and instead are attentional States are often guided by our memories of past experiences so now in the 1st part of my talk I want to tell you about some work in my lab related to how our long term memories can guide attention but I 1st want to consider the form the mentioned in a little bit more detail and I want you to imagine that you're in a situation where you're driving to one of your favorite museums which in my case would be the Bronze Star nation so you might see a sign it's a not provide an external and explicit environmental cue to pay attention to the right in order to find the art museum but Alternatively you might be driving down the street and there is no sign so you instead have to call on your memory for the building to go past to figure out if you're on the correct street which direction you came from and then use that to infer or whether you should attend to the last or it's the right the basic idea here is that our attention all states can be guided either by external cues in the environment or by our internally retrieved memories.

[00:34:30]
You know Brady and her colleagues have shown it that memory tied to tension and pared it to environmentally cute attention is associated with increased levels of activity in the hit the campus and this increased had the campus activity from memory guide detention is apparent as soon as information from memory is available and even before an attention task starts the idea is that you can use your retrieve hip example memories to bias your attention one way or the other and the biasing process can happen even before an attention task.

[00:35:08]
We also know that had the Campbell activity patterns can represent online as tensional States so the contents of had been carefully representations can reflect attentional states that are currently active or currently employee and finally a rich body of work fresh out of it the campus is important for many different aspects of memory guided behaviors perhaps through its interactions with the medial prefrontal cortex though together these lines of work suggest that the heavy campus perhaps with M.P.'s see might be important for guiding attentional behavior is on the basis of memory so in the study we asked how did I have a campus and p.f.c. support memory guided attention so to address this question my former post got around conciliate compared attention into tasks that differed only in their demand it to use memory to guide attention we 1st expected to be able to replicate past studies in showing that have a chemical activity should be higher from memory guided in parents' environmentally attention and given the importance of have example M.P.'s see interactions for memory guided behavior more generally we also expect if the M.P.'s see which show higher levels of activity from memory guided compared to environmentally cute attention.

[00:36:30]
But the problem with this is that enhanced overall activity is very ambiguous in that it can't by itself tell us how a brain vision might be contributing to memory guided ascension to for example it could be the case that the hippocampus just retrieves memories and then other brain areas use that information to guide attention or it could be a case of the hippocampus can actually represent the attentional goal itself so if you were to go back to that driving example the difference would be between the hippocampus retrieving a memory of the art museum is on the right versus the have a canvas representing an intentional bias to the right hand side and because we know from our hospitals that they have a canvas can represent online attentional states that it's very possible that it can also represent intentional states when they're retrieved from memory though to examine the hypothesis we use representational similarity and halls he used to test the prediction of the hippocampus and M.P.'s he will prepare for upcoming attentional States when those intentional states are selected on the basis of memory and that they'll prepare for by actually representing the attentional state that is going to be used in the future to going back again to the driving example the idea is to have a campus and M.P.'s the activity patterns would contain information about a right word attentional bias if that's what memory tells you that you should do and even before you start a cunning to the right.

[00:38:14]
So do you trust these hypotheses around designed a memory card version of the archaeology task that you're very familiar with right now so in this memory guided version we 1st had participants learn a set of stay and switch cues and these cues told them whether during the subsequent attention task they would have to stay in the same attentional state on the following trial or switch to the other attentional state so participants and an art stake to an art switch q. and a room State q. and a room switch heel and these stance which cues would only ever appear in the attendant dimension so that means that our stance which has it only appear on trials where art is attended and room stance which cues that only appear on trials where rooms are tended but to be more concrete Here's a task that you are ready very familiar with participants viewed this base image followed by a subset of the task list to look for either paintings I could have been painted by the same artist or rooms with this family out from a different perspective but the new thing that now is how it is attentional Hewitt was selected on each trial though on the very 1st trial participants were free to choose what they wanted to attend to art or room to say here the participant chose room that after the 1st trial they had to monitor the search set for a state or switch cues which could appear anywhere in the search such and then they had to use this day or switch to select their attentional state for the following trial this is an example of a room trial and there is a room stake you so that tells the participant that they have to stay in the same attentional state for the following trial the following trial they should select the room as their attentional state.

[00:40:13]
Alternatively this trial could have contained a switch which tells the participant that they have to switch to the other attentional state for the following trial on the following trial they should select art as their attention all state to this memory guided task requires people to remember the stay and switch cues and what they need in order to be able to select their attentional States the comparison condition was the Art Gallery task even as previously which now is called the explicitly instructed condition and this condition is explicitly instructed because the attentional Hewitt was randomly assigned at the beginning of each trial in the form of an explicit instruction The pay attention to Rome or pay attention to art but to briefly summarize the tasks they had identical stimuli and they had identical motor demands the only difference was the memory guided task required people to memorize this day and switch cues and their meaning in order to select their attentional States 3 1st examined you know Fareed activity for the memory guided and explicitly instructed conditions and consistent with our hypotheses we found that those had the campus and I'm p.f.c. toward higher levels of activity from memory guided compared to explicitly instructed attention Additionally individual differences and how much the campus activity was enhanced by memory guided attention or correlated with individual differences and how much M.P.'s the activity was enhanced by memory guided tension and this suggests that these 2 regions might be working together or at least in the end similar functions so with this result in hand we next wanted to establish exactly how these regions might support memory guided attention and again we expected that these regions would represent a coming attentional States primarily when they were guided by memory.

[00:42:11]
But here's how we touched a part of their brief reminder this is a title structure that you're already familiar with and it now what I'll do is break it down into 2 main components. The image period is one of the images are on the screen and participants are actively attending to artistic style or room layout the orienting period as well participants are pushing a button to initiate the trial and seeing the attentional cue in the explicitly instructed condition participants simply have to push one or 2 to start the trial then the intentional queue is randomly assigned and in the memory that it condition participants have to select our room at their tensional state based on their memory for the preceding trial so we predicted that during this critical orienting period that activity patterns in the hippocampus and p.f.c. will resemble the attentional state that is coming up in the image period and primarily when that intentional state was guided by memory so here is how we have the 1st and hippocampus and p.f.c. we obtained it means patterns of activity for the r. and women hunch and they promise the image period and I'll call these templates situation tional.

[00:43:32]
And these type plates tell us what brain activity generally looks like one participants are actively attending to artistic style or rhythm layout in the 3 d. rendered images we've been obtained activity patterns for each individual orienting periods and we correlated the orienting period activity patterns with the tension on state template from the image period to say this is an orienting period in which room is the intentional cue whether it was selected by the participant or randomly assigned.

[00:44:08]
We would Coralie this orienting period activity pattern with the same estate template which in this example would be the route template and we would also correlate this orienting period activity pattern with the other state template which in this example would be the art template and then finally need to compare these correlations to another so if the correlation with the same state template is higher then the correlation with the different state template that would tell us the activity patterns in that brain region during the orienting period resemble the upcoming attentional state more than the other attentional state has a type of preferred Tory signal and again we predicted the hippocampus an m p f c which I have talked primarily want to tensional States were guided by memory there here I'll show you with a correlation with the same state template minus the correlation with the different state template so more positive values here and became more evidence for the upcoming attentional state and more negative values indicate more evidence for the other attentional state we found that in the have a campus for the memory guided time asked activity patterns during the orienting period did resemble the upcoming intentional state more than the other intentional state this effect was also seen one attention was explicitly instructed However the effect was significantly stronger when attentional States were guided by memory and M.P.'s The we found activity patterns during the Orient in period resembled the upcoming intentional state more than the other intentional state provoked the memory guided and explicitly instructed conditions but here there was no sadistically significant difference.

[00:45:55]
They have a campus an m p f c prepare for upcoming attentional States and they prepare by actually representing it the intentional state that has to be used in the future and in the have a campus this preparation and that will significantly stronger when intentional states were guided by memory so how does that raise our attention will we 1st found the memory got in detention is associated with increased levels of activity in the head the campus and an M.P.'s seat these attacks were correlated across individuals suggesting that these regions might be working together or at least invasion a similar function.

[00:46:30]
And we've done found the hippocampus an n.p.c. prepare for a coming of hunch in all states and in the head the campus this preparation was stronger for attentional states that were guided by memory but she briefly summarize my talk I 1st showed you that tension stabilizes pardons of activity and the have a campus and the stability of these representations predicted both online and attentional behavior as well as successful in coding into episodic memory we not found that the hippocampus or medial sample of more broadly might play an essential role in some components of attentional behavior and particularly spatial relationships going to nations and we also found the modulation may enhance this form of attention or perception and then finally we found the hippocampus an n.p.r. senior modulating my memory of attention and prepare for upcoming attentional States.

[00:47:27]
I have presented a few studies on the interplay between attention and perception and memories and I just want to conclude by revisiting the point I made at the very beginning of the talk again I think it's really important to divide of the brain into distinct components and analyze or function in isolation but of course we know that these components are all linked in order to guide behavior so I think one very fruitful way of doing research moving forward is to think about the representations of any given brain region and how those representation is cannot allow that region to Fox simply contribute to many different components of cognition so my talk today I hope I've managed to convince you that the various representation of the hippocampus allow it to critically contribute to attention and perception as well as memory Of course I'd like to thank my and lob particularly moniker to an ironic and Sully who did the work I told you about today can also check out our lab mascot Fiocco make substantial contributions to the everyday science.

[00:48:31]
To thank my area's funding sources and of course you for your attention and your perception and your memory and I'm happy to take any questions. Or if you're some tapping problems are. Very vulnerable. So we have a couple of questions I think it's best if I just there are people who are out there who want you know I think there are a few on.

[00:49:02]
Your. I great talk and thanks for doing this I know it's. Great having you here but yeah I just had a couple questions but I'll just I'll ask one because I don't want to I don't know take over other people's time I was just wondering about the nicotine study and you know it's nicotine Sonora modulator and it can affect other nerve transmitter systems and so I was just wondering if you having the thoughts about the other neurotransmitters that might be involved here besides the c. tickling Yeah that's a really good question that by doing the nicotine study we have to balance kind of 2 components one is the ease of doing the study versus the straightforwardness of the interpretation so that will blind highly controlled from a cultural studies are very difficult to do and it was something that I was advised to not do pretend here since it was only occur met Di then to something that I'm very interested and have some preliminary It looks at it but of course even highly controlled pharmacological studies would not be able to tell whether it's you know nicotine per se having an effect on acetylcholine receptors as critical or through some indirect effects that happen afterwards so the results lined up really nicely with what we'd expect based on computational models and highly controlled studies and in animal models so if it the interpretation from not but you know we wouldn't be able to rule out whether these acts were instead indirectly influencing other transmitters this.

[00:50:42]
And rather than having the direct effect through through nicotine. It's possible that we could be in traction and not great during Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy or other studies of my own I was to look at the whole interview activity in vivo now from this study can rule out other potential facts over how do you know if your other question there are well you're.

[00:51:08]
Quite sharp and the other question I had was if I saw it correctly and the life paper you've got the immediate p.f.c. of hippocampal individual differences it looks like there was a lot more variability in the HIPAA can pull response the part of yeah yeah that's right. No it wasn't it was the same different subtraction It's not like the n.p. of see the.

[00:51:40]
Difference was super clustered together yeah I think this is it and I just want if you have any thoughts about it because it seems like that might. Porton for differentiating what they're doing I don't know just yeah that's interesting question I hadn't really thought about characterizing the variability partly because it could also be due to maybe an interesting factors like the quality of the signal that we're getting or that the market how quickly we can get a match between the coverage very actively in the template.

[00:52:13]
Offhand I don't remember whether the cabbages had noise your signal overall So I think. If you just examine activity hundreds during the 800 task itself I'm pretty sure the activity pattern driven in the hippocampus will just last stable from child to child and doesn't appear. So could reflect something about the signal or the stability of the pattern during the tension task itself that we could look into that a little bit more to see whether you know controlling for the variability draining tension top itself might reveal some differences their.

[00:52:46]
Reproductive and p.f.c. would also show greater cooperation for the memory guided task we didn't see that at all and so we've been kind of thinking about why that difference might might arise but we haven't dived into whether the variability across regions my also offer some some clues into that but that's a good idea.

[00:53:08]
He's question is how did you get your interview in the spirit of your business or the part. Of the question. We want to a lot of trouble to try to do that. There's some things I would have done differently in hindsight if I can tell you a little bit of the things that we did so one major thing that we did is that we never compared orienting period and image create activity patterns from the same run so the image period template to always from different runs of the task.

[00:53:40]
Compared to a given orienting create activity pattern and that reduces some of the high we say and run correlations that you see in at home or I. Will calculate a template across different combinations of runs true other potential confound. There's also jitter here because this image this period here was self paced people initiated the trial at their own rate so the Art of Computer and also this period here with a hush No Q Was on a screen was also shattered.

[00:54:11]
And then another thing we did is that when we compared these activity patterns to these we took out T.R.'s that were the most overlapping is to be excluded the last year are the orienting period and the 1st year for the image period I'm off to check out the last 2 yards image period because otherwise overlap between the pattern and the pattern to be driven by the word which would not be at all what we're interested in and then finally we also did a whole brain special and I'll see if the if the effect was a part of the confound or an artifact of autocorrelation then he might expect there are regions throughout the brain which are the same effect that we would not see that these doctors highly selective.

[00:54:56]
And one other thing I'll mention is that. People on average initiate the trial faster pretty explicitly instructed firstname guided conditions because this is just an easier decision so there should be slightly more autocorrelation for the explicitly instructed condition but of course for the hippocampus we found greater preparation for the memory guarded condition so all that together condensed us and convince their viewers that it wasn't simply due to overlap between orienting and image periods.

[00:55:26]
But we still would like to have version of this maybe with e.g. or again with f. m.r.i. with even greater separation between orienting period and the image period they have something that we worried about a lot and tried to control with as many different ways as we could.

[00:55:47]
I think it was great right thank you very much for really interesting talking to I'll be her. Moderating. Thank you so much thank you.