Dual Coding as a Possible Explanation for the Effects of Multimedia on Learning

Abstract

This paper examines the possibility of using Paivio's (1971, 1991; Clark & Paivio, 1991) dual coding theory as an explanation for the effects of multimedia on learning. The paper describes dual coding theory, then examines the suitability of dual coding theory as an explanation for the results of a large number of studies using multiple media. It appears that dual coding theory may be a reasonable explanation for many of these studies. People seem to learn better when related information is presented simultaneously via verbal and pictorial media than when the information is presented via verbal or pictorial media alone.