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    The Chlorella variabilis NC64A Genome Reveals Adaptation to Photosymbiosis, Coevolution with Viruses, and Cryptic Sex

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    Date
    2010-09
    Author
    Blanc, Guillaume
    Duncan, Garry
    Agarkova, Irina
    Borodovsky, Mark
    Gurnon, James
    Kuo, Ala
    Lindquist, Erika
    Lucas, Susan
    Pangilinan, Jasmyn
    Polle, Juergen
    Salamov, Asaf
    Terry, Astrid
    Yamada, Takashi
    Dunigan, David D.
    Grigoriev, Igor V.
    Claverie, Jean-Michel
    Van Etten, James L.
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    Abstract
    Chlorella variabilis NC64A, a unicellular photosynthetic green alga (Trebouxiophyceae), is an intracellular photobiont of Paramecium bursaria and a model system for studying virus/algal interactions. We sequenced its 46-Mb nuclear genome, revealing an expansion of protein families that could have participated in adaptation to symbiosis. NC64A exhibits variations in GC content across its genome that correlate with global expression level, average intron size, and codon usage bias. Although Chlorella species have been assumed to be asexual and nonmotile, the NC64A genome encodes all the known meiosis-specific proteins and a subset of proteins found in flagella. We hypothesize that Chlorella might have retained a flagella-derived structure that could be involved in sexual reproduction. Furthermore, a survey of phytohormone pathways in chlorophyte algae identified algal orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling, suggesting that these functions were established prior to the evolution of land plants. We show that the ability of Chlorella to produce chitinous cell walls likely resulted from the capture of metabolic genes by horizontal gene transfer from algal viruses, prokaryotes, or fungi. Analysis of the NC64A genome substantially advances our understanding of the green lineage evolution, including the genomic interplay with viruses and symbiosis between eukaryotes.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47191
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