Efficient Relational Algebra Algorithms and Data Structures for GPU

Abstract

Relational databases remain an important application domain for organizing and analyzing the massive volume of data generated as sensor technology, retail and inventory transactions, social media, computer vision, and new fields continue to evolve. At the same time, processor architectures are beginning to shift towards hierarchical and parallel architectures employing throughput-optimized memory systems, lightweight multi-threading, and Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD) core organizations. Examples include general purpose graphics processing units (GPUs) such as NVIDIA’s Fermi, Intels Sandy Bridge, and AMD’s Fusion processors. This paper explores the mapping of primitive relational algebra operations onto GPUs. In particular, we focus on algorithms and data structure design identifying a fundamental conflict between the structure of algorithms with good computational complexity and that of algorithms with memory access patterns and instruction schedules that achieve peak machine utilization. To reconcile this conflict, our design space exploration converges on a hybrid multi-stage algorithm that devotes a small amount of the total runtime to prune input data sets using an irregular algorithm with good computational complexity. The partial results are then fed into a regular algorithm that achieves near peak machine utilization. The design process leading to the most efficient algorithm for each stage is described, detailing alternative implementations, their performance characteristics, and an explanation of why they were ultimately abandoned. The least efficient algorithm (JOIN) achieves 57% ð€€€ 72% of peak machine performance depending on the density of the input. The most efficient algorithms (PRODUCT, PROJECT, and SELECT) achieve 86% ð€€€ 92% of peak machine performance across all input data sets. To the best of our knowledge, these represent the best known published results to date for any implementations. This work lays the foundation for the development of a relational database system that achieves good scalability on a Multi-level Bulk- Synchronous-Parallel (Multi-BSP) processor architecture exemplified by modern GPUs.